Saturday, April 4, 2015

10 reasons to denounce parental alienation warning loads a little slow but worth the wait

Reason number 10 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547The Parental...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 9 to sign petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547Navigating Custody...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 8 to sign this petition...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 7 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547The...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 6 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547excerpts page...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 5 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547 The Danger...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

reason number 4 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547September 22,...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 3 to sign this petition http://www.thepetitionsite.com/tell-a-friend/13623617#bbfb=381686547"Overview of...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 2 to sign this petition Dr. Richard Gardner: A Review of His Theories and Opinions on Atypical...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

Reason number 1 to sign petitionExcerpts " Gardner's pro-pedophilic beliefs. Gardner's underlying beliefs regarding...

Posted by Victorious Children on Saturday, April 4, 2015

parental alienation theory and its use must stop now this theory advocates for sex with children places children directly in abusers homes for reporting abuse and punishes non-abusing parents for reporting abuse with loss of custody. Sign here and help us stop this

Overview of Dr. Richard Gardner's Opinions
on
Pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/pas/RAG.html


Richard A. Gardner, M.D., is the creator of the creator and main proponent for Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) theory. Prior to his suicide, Gardner was an unpaid part-time clinical professor of child psychiatry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University . He made his money mainly as a forensic expert.
PAS was developed by Dr Richard Gardner in 1985 based on his personal observations and work as an expert witness, often on behalf of fathers accused of molesting their children. Gardner asserted that PAS is very common and he saw manifestations of this syndrome in over 90% of the custody conflicts he evaluated--even when abuse allegations are not raised (Gardner, 1987, p. 67).1 Gardner (September 6, 1993) claimed that PAS is "a disorder of children, arising almost exclusively in child-custody disputes, in which one parent (usually the mother) programs the child to hate the other parent (usually the father)."2
Gardner 's theory of PAS has had a profound effect on how the court systems in our country handle allegations of child sexual abuse, especially during divorce. Gardner has authored more than 250 books and articles with advice directed towards mental health professionals, the legal community, divorcing adults and their children. Gardner 's private publishing company, Creative Therapeutics, published his many books, cassettes, and videotapes.3 Information available on Gardner 's website indicates that he has been certified to testify as an expert in approximately 400 cases, both criminal and civil, in more than 25 states.4 Gardner 's work continues to serve as a basis for decisions affecting the welfare of children in courtrooms across the nation. He is considered a leading authority in family courts and has even been described as the "guru" of child custody evaluations.4
Because Gardner 's PAS theory is based on his clinical observations--not scientific data--it must be understood in the context of his extreme views concerning women, pedophilia and child sexual abuse.
Gardner on pedophilia

The vast majority ("probably over 95%") of all sex abuse allegations are valid.
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics (pp. 7, 140).
"There is a bit of pedophilia in every one of us."
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 118)
"Pedophilia has been considered the norm by the vast majority of individuals in the history of the world."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 592-3)
Similarly, "intrafamilial pedophilia (that is, incest) is widespread and ... is probably an ancient tradition"
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 119)
"It is because our society overreacts to it [pedophilia] that children suffer."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 594-5)
Pedophilia may enhance the survival of the human species by serving "procreative purposes."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 24-5)
Pedophilia "is a widespread and accepted practice among literally billions of people."
Gardner, R.A. (1986). Child Custody Litigation: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, (p. 93)
In addition, Gardner proposes that many different types of human sexual behavior, includingpedophilia, sexual sadism, necrophilia (sex with corpses), zoophilia (sex with animals), coprophilia (sex involving defecation), can be seen as having species survival value and thus do "not warrant being excluded from the list of the `so-called natural forms of human sexual behavior.'"
See, Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 18-32)
Gardner on the sexual aggressiveness of children

Gardner suggests that children want to have sex with adults and may seduce them.http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/pas/RAG.html



  1.  The Leadership Council - PR Rind Study
    www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/rind/pr.html
  2.  Dr. Richard Gardner: A Review of His Theories and Opinions
    www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/2.html
    by Stephanie J. Dallam, RN, MSN, FNP ... In 1992, an article in The National LawJournal described Gardner "as one of the most prominent--some say dangerous--voices espousing ..... Comparison of Gardner 's Views with Those of NAMBLA.
  3.  Parental Alienation Syndrome & Parental Alienation: Research Reviews Parental Alienation Syndrome & Parental Alienation: Research Reviewshttp://www.drhavlicek.com/must_read_articles.htm
    By Joan S. Meier 1
  4. The Danger of Pedophilia Preying on America’s Innocent
    http://www.truthmagazine.com/archives/volume44/V44020307.htm

    Chris Reeves
  5. 2009 A Historical Perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation Joan S. Meier http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1857&context=faculty_publications
  6. The Evidentiary Admissibility of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Science, Law, and Policy Jennifer Hoult http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=910267
  7.  Myths That Place Children At Risk During Custody Litigation Dallam. S. J., & Silberg, J. L. (Jan/Feb 2006). Myths that place children at risk during custody disputes. Sexual Assault Report, 9(3), 33-47. (PDF) Myth 5: Parental alienation syndrome is a common, well-documented phenomenon.http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/cust_myths.html
  8. Navigating Custody & Visitation Evaluations in Cases with Domestic Violence: A Judge’s Guide page 24-25 www.ncjfcj.org/sites/default/files/navigating_cust.pdf

  9. Dallam, S. J. (1999). Parental Alienation Syndrome: Is it scientific? In E. St. Charles & L. Crook (Eds.), Expose: The failure of family courts to protect children from abuse in custody disputes. Los Gatos, CA: Our Children Our Children Charitable Foundation. http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/3.html
  10.  THE “FRIENDLY PARENT” CONCEPT: A FLAWED FACTOR FOR CHILD CUSTODY Margaret K. Dore∗
    http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/3.html
  11. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges A Judicial Guide to Child Safety in Custody Caseshttp://www.ncjfcj.org/.../files/judicial%20guide_0_0.pdf
  12. Criminal Rewards: The Impact of Parent Alienation Syndrome on Families AndraƩ L. Brownhttp://www.leadershipcouncil.org/docs/Brown_PAS_impact.pdf
  13. Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Professionals Need to Know Part 2 of 2
    http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no7.html
  14.  Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Professionals Need to Know Part 1 of 2 http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no6.html
  15. Our Children Are At Risk and Their Health Is Endangered: What Are Their Legal Rights, How Do We Hold the Courts Accountable to Protect Them, and What Can Psychologists Do? Toby Kleinman, JD,  page 6-8 http://www.apatraumadivision.org/newsletter/newsletter_2012_springsummer.pdf
  16.  Implications of the Kinsey Reports on Child Custody Cases
    How Junk Sex Science Created a Paradigm Shift in Society, Legislation and the Judiciary

    By Judith A. Reisman, Ph.D.
    See section "State Legislation"
    Texas: A Case Study
    Many women have testified under oath regarding the forced removal of their children based on the scientifically inept theory of Parental Alienation Syndrome promulgated by Kinseyan-adherent Richard Gardner and his disciples. This suggests that few judges have read the following excerpt from the report of the Attorney General's Task Force on Family Violence.
    Judges should treat incest and molestation as serious criminal offenses.... Incarceration, whether in hospitals, treatment centers or prisons, is absolutely essential to the protection of the nation's children. The only true protection for children from a pedophile is incapacitation of the offender.25
    http://www.drjudithreisman.com/.../08/implications_of.html
  17.  Did n.a.m.b.l.a cite Richard Gardner parental alienation inventor in their reading list? I think yes " from 1993-2015" warning we do not support clicking on these links https://sites.google.com/site/parentalalienationinventor/home/did-n-a-m-b-a-cite-richard-gardner/didnamblaciterichardgardnerparentalalienationinventorintheirreadinglistithinkyes

Friday, April 3, 2015

cited legal against parental alienation theory stop this pedophile theory protect children


  1.  The Leadership Council - PR Rind Study
    www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/rind/pr.html
  2.  Dr. Richard Gardner: A Review of His Theories and Opinions
    www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/2.html
    by Stephanie J. Dallam, RN, MSN, FNP ... In 1992, an article in The National LawJournal described Gardner "as one of the most prominent--some say dangerous--voices espousing ..... Comparison of Gardner 's Views with Those of NAMBLA.
  3.  Parental Alienation Syndrome & Parental Alienation: Research Reviews Parental Alienation Syndrome & Parental Alienation: Research Reviewshttp://www.drhavlicek.com/must_read_articles.htm
    By Joan S. Meier 1
  4. The Danger of Pedophilia Preying on America’s Innocent
    http://www.truthmagazine.com/archives/volume44/V44020307.htm

    Chris Reeves
  5. 2009 A Historical Perspective on Parental Alienation Syndrome and Parental Alienation Joan S. Meier http://scholarship.law.gwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1857&context=faculty_publications
  6. The Evidentiary Admissibility of Parental Alienation Syndrome: Science, Law, and Policy Jennifer Hoult http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=910267
  7.  Myths That Place Children At Risk During Custody Litigation Dallam. S. J., & Silberg, J. L. (Jan/Feb 2006). Myths that place children at risk during custody disputes. Sexual Assault Report, 9(3), 33-47. (PDF) Myth 5: Parental alienation syndrome is a common, well-documented phenomenon.http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/cust_myths.html
  8. Navigating Custody & Visitation Evaluations in Cases with Domestic Violence: A Judge’s Guide page 24-25 www.ncjfcj.org/sites/default/files/navigating_cust.pdf

  9. Dallam, S. J. (1999). Parental Alienation Syndrome: Is it scientific? In E. St. Charles & L. Crook (Eds.), Expose: The failure of family courts to protect children from abuse in custody disputes. Los Gatos, CA: Our Children Our Children Charitable Foundation. http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/3.html
  10.  THE “FRIENDLY PARENT” CONCEPT: A FLAWED FACTOR FOR CHILD CUSTODY Margaret K. Dore∗
    http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/res/dallam/3.html
  11. National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges A Judicial Guide to Child Safety in Custody Caseshttp://www.ncjfcj.org/.../files/judicial%20guide_0_0.pdf
  12. Criminal Rewards: The Impact of Parent Alienation Syndrome on Families AndraƩ L. Brownhttp://www.leadershipcouncil.org/docs/Brown_PAS_impact.pdf
  13. Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Professionals Need to Know Part 2 of 2
    http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no7.html
  14.  Parental Alienation Syndrome: What Professionals Need to Know Part 1 of 2 http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no6.html
  15. Our Children Are At Risk and Their Health Is Endangered: What Are Their Legal Rights, How Do We Hold the Courts Accountable to Protect Them, and What Can Psychologists Do? Toby Kleinman, JD,  page 6-8 http://www.apatraumadivision.org/newsletter/newsletter_2012_springsummer.pdf
  16.  Implications of the Kinsey Reports on Child Custody Cases
    How Junk Sex Science Created a Paradigm Shift in Society, Legislation and the Judiciary

    By Judith A. Reisman, Ph.D.
    See section "State Legislation"
    Texas: A Case Study
    Many women have testified under oath regarding the forced removal of their children based on the scientifically inept theory of Parental Alienation Syndrome promulgated by Kinseyan-adherent Richard Gardner and his disciples. This suggests that few judges have read the following excerpt from the report of the Attorney General's Task Force on Family Violence.
    Judges should treat incest and molestation as serious criminal offenses.... Incarceration, whether in hospitals, treatment centers or prisons, is absolutely essential to the protection of the nation's children. The only true protection for children from a pedophile is incapacitation of the offender.25
    http://www.drjudithreisman.com/.../08/implications_of.html
  17.  Did n.a.m.b.l.a cite Richard Gardner parental alienation inventor in their reading list? I think yes " from 1993-2015" warning we do not support clicking on these links https://sites.google.com/site/parentalalienationinventor/home/did-n-a-m-b-a-cite-richard-gardner/didnamblaciterichardgardnerparentalalienationinventorintheirreadinglistithinkyes

Overview of Dr. Richard Gardner's Opinions
on
Pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse  http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/pas/RAG.html

Richard A. Gardner, M.D., is the creator of the creator and main proponent for Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS) theory. Prior to his suicide, Gardner was an unpaid part-time clinical professor of child psychiatry at the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University . He made his money mainly as a forensic expert.
PAS was developed by Dr Richard Gardner in 1985 based on his personal observations and work as an expert witness, often on behalf of fathers accused of molesting their children. Gardner asserted that PAS is very common and he saw manifestations of this syndrome in over 90% of the custody conflicts he evaluated--even when abuse allegations are not raised (Gardner, 1987, p. 67).1 Gardner (September 6, 1993) claimed that PAS is "a disorder of children, arising almost exclusively in child-custody disputes, in which one parent (usually the mother) programs the child to hate the other parent (usually the father)."2
Gardner 's theory of PAS has had a profound effect on how the court systems in our country handle allegations of child sexual abuse, especially during divorce. Gardner has authored more than 250 books and articles with advice directed towards mental health professionals, the legal community, divorcing adults and their children. Gardner 's private publishing company, Creative Therapeutics, published his many books, cassettes, and videotapes.3 Information available on Gardner 's website indicates that he has been certified to testify as an expert in approximately 400 cases, both criminal and civil, in more than 25 states.4 Gardner 's work continues to serve as a basis for decisions affecting the welfare of children in courtrooms across the nation. He is considered a leading authority in family courts and has even been described as the "guru" of child custody evaluations.4
Because Gardner 's PAS theory is based on his clinical observations--not scientific data--it must be understood in the context of his extreme views concerning women, pedophilia and child sexual abuse.

Gardner on pedophilia

The vast majority ("probably over 95%") of all sex abuse allegations are valid.
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics (pp. 7, 140).
"There is a bit of pedophilia in every one of us."
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 118)
"Pedophilia has been considered the norm by the vast majority of individuals in the history of the world."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 592-3)
Similarly, "intrafamilial pedophilia (that is, incest) is widespread and ... is probably an ancient tradition"
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 119)
"It is because our society overreacts to it [pedophilia] that children suffer."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 594-5)
Pedophilia may enhance the survival of the human species by serving "procreative purposes."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 24-5)
Pedophilia "is a widespread and accepted practice among literally billions of people."
Gardner, R.A. (1986). Child Custody Litigation: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics, (p. 93)
In addition, Gardner proposes that many different types of human sexual behavior, includingpedophilia, sexual sadism, necrophilia (sex with corpses), zoophilia (sex with animals), coprophilia (sex involving defecation), can be seen as having species survival value and thus do "not warrant being excluded from the list of the `so-called natural forms of human sexual behavior.'"
See, Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 18-32)

Gardner on the sexual aggressiveness of children

Gardner suggests that children want to have sex with adults and may seduce them.
Some children experience " high sexual urges in early infancy. " "There is good reason to believe that most, if not all, children have the capacity to reach orgasm at the time they are born."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 15)
Children are naturally sexual and may initiate sexual encounters by "seducing" the adult .
Gardner, R.A. (1986). Child Custody Litigation: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics (p. 93).
If the sexual relationship is discovered, " the child is likely to fabricate so that the adult will be blamed for the initiation ."
Gardner, R.A. (1986). Child Custody Litigation: A Guide for Parents and Mental Health Professionals. Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics (p. 93).
"The normal child exhibits a wide variety of sexual fantasies and behaviors, many of which would be labeled as 'sick' or 'perverted' if exhibited by adults"
Gardner, R.A. (1991). Sex Abuse Hysteria: Salem Witch Trials Revisited . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 12)
Sex abuse is not necessarily traumatic; the determinant as to whether sexual molestation will be traumatic to the child, is the social attitude toward these encounters.
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 670-71)

Gardner on therapy with children who are sexually abused by their father

•  Keep the child connected to the abuser

Special care should be taken not alienate the child from the molesting parent. The removal of a pedophilic parent from the home "should only be seriously considered after all attempts at treatment of the pedophilia and rapprochement with the family have proven futile."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.(p. 537)
The child should be told that there is no such thing as a perfect parent. "The sexual exploitation has to be put on the negative list, but positives as well must be appreciated"
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.(p. 572)

•  Tell the child that sexual abuse by a father is normal


Older children may be helped to appreciate that sexual encounters between an adult and a child are not universally considered to be reprehensible acts. The child might be told about other societies in which such behavior was and is considered normal. The child might be helped to appreciate the wisdom of Shakespeare's Hamlet, who said, "Nothing's either good or bad, but thinking makes it so."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.(p. 549)
"In such discussions the child has to be helped to appreciate that we have in our society an exaggeratedly punitive and moralistic attitude about adult-child sexual encounters"
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.(p. 572).

Gardner on mothers who discover that their husband is sexually abusing their child

Gardner blames the father's abuse on the mother, who he faults for not fulfilling her husband sexually. He suggests that therapists should help mother's of incest victims achieve sexual gratification.

•  Discourage litigation.

•  Encourage her to stay with her husband (the abuser)

•  Blame her and the daughter for the sexual abuse by the father

"It may be that one of the reasons the daughter turned toward the father is the impairment of the child's relationship with the mother" (pp. 579-80)
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (p. 585)

•  Help her get over her anger at her husband for sexually abusing their child.

"If the mother has reacted to the abuse in a hysterical fashion, or used it as an excuse for a campaign of denigration of the father, then the therapist does well to try and "sober her up".... Her hysterics ... will contribute to the child's feeling that a heinous crime has been committed and will thereby lessen the likelihood of any kind of rapproachment with the father. One has to do everything possible to help her put the "crime" in proper perspective. She has to be helped to appreciate that in most societies in the history of the world, such behavior was ubiquitous [i.e., everywhere], and this is still the case."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 576-7)
"Perhaps she can be helped to appreciate that in the history of the world his behavior has probably been more common than the restrained behavior of those who do not sexually abuse their children."
Gardner, R.A. (1992). True and False Accusations of Child Sex Abuse . Cresskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics. (pp. 585)
Overview of Dr. Richard Gardner's Opinions on Pedophilia and Child Sexual Abuse  http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/pas/RAG.html

For more information see:

1.Gardner, R. A. (1987).The parental alienation syndrome and the differentiation between fabricated and genuine child sex abuse . Creskill, NJ: Creative Therapeutics.
2.Gardner, R.A. (1993, September 6) Dr. Gardner defends work on sex abuse. National Law Journal, p. 16.
3.Sherman, Rorie. (1993, August 16) Gardner 's Law: "A Controversial Psychiatrist and Influential Witness Leads the Backlash against Child Sex Abuse 'Hysteria.'" The National Law Journal , pp. 1, 45-46.
4. See Gardner 's CV on his website (available at http://www.rgardner.com/pages/cvqual.html). See also: People v. Fortin, 706 N.Y.S.2d 611, 612 (Crim. Ct. 2000). Fortin was a criminal sex abuse case in which Dr. Gardner offered to testify on behalf of the accused molester concerning PAS and the credibility of the complaining witness. The court refused to permit his testimony because of a failure to establish general acceptance of PAS within the professional community.)
5. Quinn, K.M. (1991). Family evaluation in child custody mediation, arbitration, and litigation (Book Review). Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law , 19(1), 101-02. http://www.leadershipcouncil.org/1/pas/RAG.html